Research into International NGOs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1663 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? The major findings wereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  The strategic approach identified by NGO towards anti-trafficking measures is relevant to and supports NGOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mandate of addressing Violence against Women (VAW). It synchronizes with MDGs, Global VAW strategy, SAARC Convention, CEDAW article 6, BPfA and the New Aid Environment for Gender Equality. UNIFEMs Programme on anti-trafficking is catalytic, context specific, integrated with a more holistic and gender-sensitive approaches in comparison to other UN agencies like UNICEF, UNODC and ILO. Partners selected by UNIFEM have the requisite experience in the field and technical competence for combating human trafficking. Interventions and project activities implemented were strategically relevant with spatiotemporal coverage from the perspectives of source, route and demand areas. The stakeholders and beneficiaries selected were strategically relevant and spatially distributed. GO-NGO consider NGOs role relevant in awareness and knowledge generation on trafficking of women and Children. The major outcomes and impact wereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Research into International NGOs" essay for you Create order Regional Cooperation and linkages on anti-trafficking measures have made marginal progress Improvement in legal framework and policy change towards combating trafficking of women and children is only nominal There is no evidence of increase in recording of incidences of crime under Immoral Trafficking (Prevention) Act 1956 The number of arrests, prosecution and convictions do not reflect any distinct improvement, as was envisaged under the programme Trafficking cases in the beneficiary villages are less as compared to the non-beneficiary villages due to increased public awareness Attitudinal change towards survivor victims and their children have been observed in the beneficiary areas as a result of programme interventions Psycho-social counselling and skill development measures promoted by the programme have infused self confidence among the beneficiary victims Border vigilance has been effective in reducing human trafficking cases in the programme intervention areas NGO supervised shelter homes/rehabilitation centres provide better living conditions, educational avenues and skill development capacities International NGOs in the anti-trafficking movement hold opposing views on the issue of legalizing prostitution as a strategy for combating trafficking. It is of the view that while trafficking should be eradicated, legalizing prostitution could reduce trafficking, based on the premise that it is the illegality of the work that makes trafficking the major form of recruitment for the sex industry. Another NGO who opposes this view argues that prostitution should continue to be an illegal activity and that legalization would not eradicate the systemic control of female sexuality by males. Opposing NGO adamantly opposes legalization on the grounds that prostitution reduces all women to sex. They further argue that in poorer countries where women are ill-educated and socially discriminated, legalizing prostitution would help recruiters, who would no longer have to evade the law. It also points out that the trafficked women would not be conversant of the law, especially if they are traf ficked to foreign countries and would not likely be in a position to control the terms and conditions of their work. The current U.S. Government policy is firmly against legalizing prostitution. The Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s National Security Directive on Human Trafficking of 25 February 2003 notes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Prostitution and related activity, which are inherently harmful and de-humanizing contribute to the phenomenon of trafficking in persons, as do sex tourism, which is an estimated US$1 billion per year business per year.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Accordingly, USAID notes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Organizations advocating prostitution as an employment choice or which support the legalization of prostitution are not appropriate partners of USAID anti-trafficking grants or contracts.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is interesting to note that Thailand, which is in Tier 3 of the TIPS Report, is currently debating the issue of legalizing prostitution. It is among the ideas proposed by the think tank, Nati onal Economic and Social Development (NESDB), in February 2003 in order to turn underground businesses into legal ones and boost state revenues. The proponents of legalization of prostitution in Thailand have argued that it will reduce corruption of an underground economy and will help curb the risks of sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, because the government and AIDS activists will have access to brothels. While the supply side of the commercial sex trade, consisting of the female sex worker, has become the main focus of sex trafficking discourse, the male-dominant demand side is less researched, analysed and much less visible. It is a demand driven industry and any successful anti-trafficking strategy needs to understand the demand in all its ramifications. The growth of the billion-dollar sex and entertainment industry is thriving because the male need to purchase female sex is tolerated as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“necessary evil.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  While the male dominanc e of the institutions that nurture the demand for commercial sex, such as the entertainment industry, tourism, crime syndicates, the Internet, and the military are well known, how the demand is created for prostitution by the male clients is taken for granted as evidenced by Lernerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s description as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"naturalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ by-product of human social formation needing no explanation.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  There is obviously a methodological flaw on gathering data from the male clients. In focusing on eliminating the vulnerability of women to trafficking and prostitution, the discourse on the topic has a female bias. Women mainly gather data on male clients from women who are in the sex trade. Women find it difficult to access the networks of male clients and the nature of the discourse is such that clients have the anonymity that female sex workers do not. It is imperative that if anti-trafficking strategies are to be successful globally, the methodology should incorporate men gathering data from other men in order to obtain a comprehensive analytical view of the processes of socialization of male demand for commercial sex. It is interesting to note that when Sweden introduced laws in 1999 to criminalize men who purchase sex, while decriminalizing female prostitutes, the incidence of female sex trafficking dropped. It was, however, noted that while the demand for prostitution decreased in Sweden, it increased in neighbouring countries. The male clients simply went somewhere else. International Organization for Migration (IOM) has field offices in the majority of countries in Eastern Europe and the CIS IOM approaches trafficking from a migration perspective. The organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interventions include assistance to victims, awareness-raising campaigns, data collection, and research. Recent initiatives supported by IOM include a number of projects in the CEE and the CIS: Preventing trafficking of people for sexual exploitation in Croatia; Assistance for the return of victims of trafficking who are stranded in the Balkans; Reintegration support network for victims of trafficking who have returned to Albania; Establishment of a network of shelters for trafficking victims in Serbia and Montenegro, to mention a few. In CIS, the IOM conducted research projects collecting information on human trafficking and supporting projects in Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Kyrgyz Republic, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan to provide aid to victims of trafficking and training to social welfare and law enforcement agencies in dealing with trafficking victims. The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), concerned with the human rights aspect of trafficking, have launched a number of anti-trafficking initiatives that cover a wide range of thematic issues, particularly legislative reform, law enforcement, and public awareness. In July 2003 OSCE adopted an Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, urging states to take a range of specific measures such as liberalising labour markets to create greater job opportunities particularly for women and providing social and economic assistance to victims. The OSCE ODIHR produced a Reference Guide for Anti-Trafficking Legislative Review and Reform, also available in Russian, is a valuable tool for raising awareness about the complexity of the trafficking issue and the need for relevant legislative changes. The US Department of State contributes to counter trafficking efforts by publishing its annual Trafficking in Persons Report, which provides important data on scale and size of phenomenon worldwide. The Department of Labour intends to fund the establishment of six training and support centres for women victims of trafficking or at-risk women in major cities in Central and Eastern Europe and the Newly Independent States, through its cooperative agreement with the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX), a non-governmental organization. These centres will provide training for 6,480 women in areas such as basic job skills, computer literacy, job-seeking strategies and development of business plans. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) focuses primarily on prevention of Trafficking in persons (TIP), protection and assistance to victims, and reform and implementation of anti-TIP policy and legislation.[1] Dimension of Anti-Trafficking Programmes The human rights principles of participation and representation require the involvement of affected persons, in particular the victim, and their communities in formulating anti-trafficking strategies. The centring of the affected persons produces several beneficial outcomes, including the following: Creating a sense of ownership of the process Enabling policy makers and practitioners to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"learn from belowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Producing more effective, grounded and sustainable strategies Developing cross-sectorial and multilevel partnerships Keeping this central principle in mind, the following sections elaborate on the scope and content i.e. prevention, prosecution, protection and rehabilitation reintegration. Prevention of Trafficking As stated earlier, one of the purposes of the Trafficking Protocol is to prevent trafficking, particularly of women and children and to promote cooperation among States Parties to achieve that end (Article 2, Trafficking Protocol). When planning prevention efforts, the following general considerations should be taken into account: Include long-term programs to address trafficking. These would involve ensuring the rights of trafficked person. More specific interventions would include reducing vulnerability through developing livelihood options in countries of origin and poverty alleviation schemes. Direct campaigns toward potential victims, officials and the public. Involve all key actors, including judicial and law enforcement personnel, migration authorities, NGOs and civil society, the media, international and intergovernmental organisations. Encourage the formation of collaborative partnerships between countries of destination, origin and transit. A prevention strategy will need to consist of the following elements: awareness raising, training, research initiatives, addressing root causes, empowerment campaigns and border measures. These elements are not mutually exclusive, and indeed there is much scope for overlap between them. [1] UNIFEM Regional Anti-Trafficking Programme in South Asia (2000-2009), Evaluation Report

Welfare Reform Temporary Assistance for Needy Families...

In August 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) passed. This legislation ended the Family Aid with Dependent Children (AFDC) and replaced it with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Unlike AFDC, TANF is not an entitlement program. This means that states are under no obligation to provide cash assistance to eligible families. Instead the federal government gives block grants to assist poor families with the emphasis on moving them from welfare to work or deterring them from applying for welfare in the first place. States are no longer obligated to match federal funds, creating an incentive to eliminate their previous portion of the funding for critical programs. Now due to†¦show more content†¦When highly paid professional women leave jobs to stay home and take care of their children they are considered ?good mothers?. Also, when they do decide to work outside the home they are judged as ?selfish? and ?bad mother s?. However, the expectation of poor women is the exact opposite. Poor women are often criticized for staying home to take care of their children and are expected to leave the home and work for wage in order to receive the ?good mother? approval from society. One reform argument is centered on the ?burden? for taxpayers to support people who are not trying to help themselves. Gilens reported, ?The economic self-interest explanation of welfare reform is widely assumed to be true, and debates over public policy often remain on the assumption that the middle class resent paying for programs that benefit only the poor? (Gilens, p. 2, 1996). Reform efforts often focus on general stereotypes of welfare recipients not wanting to work and preferring to take advantage of taxpayer money. Conservatives and liberals refer to ?welfare spending? as excessive and unnecessary. However, prior to the popularity of welfare reform, the U.S. Bureau of Census reported actual money spent on AFDC was only 7% of the $613 billion spend on social welfare which included health care, veterans? programs, education, housing, and pubic aid (tables 579, 583, 1993). With government statistics contradicting claims of excessive spending, there isShow MoreRelatedMassach usetts And Kentucky s Temporary Assistance For Needy Families Post Secondary Reform Movements1634 Words   |  7 Pages Stephanie Steele Final Exam Amna Osman State and Local Government Upper Iowa University April 23rd, 2015 1. What led to the success of Maine and Kentucky’s Temporary Assistance to Needy families Post-Secondary Reform movements? Maine is a small state that is not terribly diverse in it s population. Ethnic and racial minorities make up just less that 2 percent of its population (U.S. Census Bureau). Maine has also been considered one of the more poorer states. 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The journals and articles used to determine whether drug testing is necessary or a hindrance to public assistance applicants, recipients and the government vary in their argument on the effects of those who receive assistance. The study, completed by Anderson, Shannon, Schyb and Goldstein (2002) determined that, due to the change in Welfare reform in 1996, the disruption of benefits increased the risk homelessnessRead MoreEssay about Federal Welfare Reform1651 Words   |  7 PagesFederal Welfare Reform: A Critical Perspective Abstract: This project will examine â€Å"welfare reform,† which was signified by the signing of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWOA) in 1996. PRWOA replaced the original welfare act of 1935, titled Aid to Dependent Children (later changed to Aid to Families with Dependent Children), with the program Temporary Assistance to needy Families (TANF). Under PRWOA, TANF was instated as a system of block grants allocated to statesRead MoreThe Reforms Of Public Benefits For Needy Families1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reforms of public benefits for needy families in the U.S. and specifically single mothers, which took place in August of 1996, was an important step since its inception with FDR in 1935. Many requirements were imposed onto public benefits eligibility, such as work and income requirement and establishing a time limit for public aid. Effects of the reform were hard to ignore as it resulted in decreasing governmental expenditure and heavy program caseloads. However, the big debate about public benefitsRead MoreTemporary Assistance For Needy Families1567 Words   |  7 Pages Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): Work-First, Time-limits and Sanctions. The Policy Effects on Citizens and Social Work Practice ADEBAYO ADEKUNLE L. 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What is the Measure of Unhappy Free Essays

The Simpsons, was a dysfunctional family, with no less than a rebellious son constantly getting into trouble in school and the community in general, and a drunkard father who would not hesitate to strangle said son at the slightest provocation. It is wacky and funny, owing to its cartoonish character and its brilliant writing. The same can be said of the Bluth family in Arrested Development, where between feuding siblings, a drunkard, former socialite mother and a fugitive father, at the center are values that remain somewhat intact. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the Measure of Unhappy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their dysfunction, and tragic circumstances are brought in a humorous light. Though with the title Little Miss Sunshine, we see nothing of the glamor we would expect a few minutes into the movie. This is no Simpsons—at least that family kept to their values, had the support of their Springfield neighborhood; this is no Arrested Development, as there is no one member left that is functional enough, strong enough to keep the ties together. For all intents and purposes, the Hoovers of Little Miss Sunshine are estranged, and ready to tear to separate directions. We are immediately introduced to people at the end of their ropes—the grandfather is a heroin addict, the uncle recently failed in his suicide attempt, the father is a failed â€Å"self-help† author, the son has all but disowned his dysfunctional family. The mother, for all her efforts to keep her family together, is ironically nothing but a foil to make clearer how much in desperate circumstance the family has gone. The movie centers around the eventual trip the family has to California, for a Little Miss Sunshine pageant for the youngest daughter, but here there is more opportunity to show how far down its members have gone. No one member is not dependent on the other—the suicidal uncle could not be left alone, or alone with his nephew; the grandfather, who has been with his granddaughter longest, is impliedly dependent on her for emotional support; this line of dependency eventually passes to the mother, and the father last. Everyone but the daughter is reluctantly pulled to the journey. There is not much to be said about the acting done in the movie, as every character was subtly played. Steve Carrell plays a person different altogether from his previous roles as family man or comic hero—he plays a manic-depressive intellectual homosexual, and he delivers perfectly the consequential line where he explains to his niece why he tried to kill himself. Greg Kinnear, in portraying the straight-laced father who tries to maintain a semblance of reason to his family, successfully balances the seriousness of his mood while becoming involved in ridiculous situations. Memorable—perhaps owing to him being at the center of the only â€Å"loud† scene in the entire movie—is Alan Arkin, the wise cracking grandfather who breaks the stereotype of the embittered old man trapped in the memories of days past or a war they might have taken past. The â€Å"shining ray of light†, perhaps, in the household is the little daughter, Olive Hoover, who spends countless days dreaming about pageants and watching the coronation of beauty queens. From what we see of her and her actions throughout the film, we wonder whether she was oblivious to the situation her family was in. There is a scene of her whooping with joy from room to room while from the kitchen the father and mother violently exchange words, eventually dragging the family in the argument in the process. In the aftermath of the scene, in comes Olive, still whooping with joy. She is also constantly sheltered by her mother and her father, in separate circumstances from what would be deemed â€Å"inappropriate† at her age. For those who would search for the comedy in the movie, there is none but dry, tired humor. There are no exaggerated misadventures that the average Bluth or Simpson might encounter, but little troubles that could normally arise. Those who watched expecting serious or contemplative thought, would be the ones pleasantly surprised. For while in themselves the picture of a family running after the bus to catch a ride would be in itself funny, it does not break the gloom, but complement it. Eventually each of them are pushed to the limits of their patience, and comes face to face with the measure of unhappiness. What measure is unhappy? The movie forces us to tackle this question head-on, in-between the humorous intakes of breath. Each of the family members sees their vision of life fall apart: the father sees the failure of his venture to promote his book; the uncle sees the vision of what he had lost come to life before him again; the son comes face to face with the prospect of a shattered dream, and there is a death in the family. Olive Hooper, protected from the harshness of their world, surprisingly becomes the one that shows them the light in it. The son, who worships Nietzsche and sees the final end to his dream, finally and completely rejects everything—his family and his life. Only the quiet gesture of his sister makes him realize that the trip is not about him, or his troubles. But her. And she was willing to sacrifice that time for him. When the mother, seeing her world start to come to pieces, finds support in the hug of her family, and her child. The father, coming to a point where he could choose to shatter his child’s dream—knowing that he has, once and for all, been defeated—chooses instead to throw his worries away and join in the crazed merriment of his family. If one was to watch the movie, and look for something better that would come the main characters’ way, they would find the end underachieving. The family remains subdued, dysfunctional, and a failure in each of their respective right. There is, however, something different indeed—for by the end we learn that while each of us has dreams, we do not need to place standards of happiness on attaining them—we can be happy in being with family, being ourselves. It’s not the accomplishment of something, but the journey taken in its accomplishment that is important. In the end, happiness is not a state which we seek to attain—but a choice to be content with wherever we are. We could all take a cue on Olive. In the face of the troubles and misadventures of her family, the loss, and the pain each is faced with, she never loses the sunny disposition. And when she does lose it, everyone pitches in to rouse her from her gloom. It’s because the inspiration for them to keep going, and to keep living. How to cite What is the Measure of Unhappy, Papers

Year Of The Cat by Al Stewart free essay sample

Al Stewart Year Of The Cat Al Stewart was born September 5, 1945 in Scotland, UK. He is a Scottish Folk-rock singer-songwriter and guitarist. Year Of The Cat is his best known album and was released in 1976. It is a very beautiful and melodic pop movement with many instruments to accompany Al Stewart’s singing. Pop (the musical genre this is classified as) in the 1970’s means something very different than what pop means today. This release is very refreshing because of its classical instruments and melodies instead of the usual bass blasting from the pop blend with dubstep today. The first track â€Å"Lord Grenville† is a great way to introduce this amazing album with its happy and sad vibe blend. His singing in this song tells a story (about going to Lord Grenville) like many other songs on this release. His voice is very distinct because of his accent he has with his high pitched notes. We will write a custom essay sample on Year Of The Cat by Al Stewart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is a nice change to hear a singer like this rather than hearing a lot of voices that sound the same like a couple these days. The instrumentals sound crisp, clarified and fluid. The guitars are voiced with melodic sounding acoustic/classical and the electric guitars with a blues tone. The lead guitar in some tracks have a very sweet happy blues vibe. The drums are very groovy and flourish with the singing and guitar nicely with the style of each song. According to each tracks mood, he has a tight or loose hi-hat. The keyboards sound very powerful and go with the singer nicely because they are hitting similar notes a lot. He has many diverse sounds including a classical piano which he mostly uses. There are many other instruments on Year Of The Cat including shakers, mandolin, saxophone, and bass guitar (of course). There are very notable characteristics on this release like the singing and saxophone of the album title track (Year Of The Cat). Another is the crazy tremolo (fast) p icking of the mandolin on the track â€Å"Broadway Hotel†. Year Of The Cat is an amazing release with a very beautiful sound of the many characteristics it has.

Startup.Com Movie Reaction Paper Essay Example

Startup.Com Movie Reaction Paper Essay Startup. com shows the perils of going into business with a shaky business plan. It shows the initial excitement, the rise and fame, the bumping of heads and the eventual downfall. Such is the story of govworks. com, the documentary, startup. com covers it’s first, and only, year in business. Long-time friends, Tom Herman and Kaleil Isaza Tuzman, had a great business idea, with a large market, and little competition. They took something that nearly everyone goes through, and marketed it in a more efficient way. They wanted to make the DMV more efficient, specifically; they wanted to allow consumers to quickly and securely pay their traffic tickets online. This business plan parallels Netflix in many ways, as it took something that we were already doing, renting movies, and making it easier. With the internet booming and more and more people having access to computers and internet, Govworks. com soon exploded. They went from a one-room office with a tiny staff to over 200 employees and a net worth in the millions. However, like many internet startups of that time, Govworks. com was not a success, and by 2001, the company had let go of almost all its employees, and it was eventually overtaken by another company. â€Å"GovWorkss failure is a textbook example of the perils of grandiosity†(footnote1) . Over and over again we have seen examples of companies that have gone too big too fast, and GovWorks was one of them. Rather than just focusing on one aspect or one city, they wanted to spread out in as many places as possible as fast as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Startup.Com Movie Reaction Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Startup.Com Movie Reaction Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Startup.Com Movie Reaction Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A similar plan was used by Fresh Samantha, in that they wanted to spread in as many places as they could, as quickly as they could, which may have led to their eventual overtaking by Odwalla. Tuzman wanted to claim the first stake in the online government payment firm. He wanted to be the forerunner, the one who set the standard, and ultimately, the one that brought in all the money. What he failed to realize is that every great business takes time to develop, to tweak and to find its niche. Although I understand the reasoning behind wanting to be the first in an industry, the risks of going under far outweigh the rewards. A company that conversely was very successful in finding its niche is Geek Squad. When given the opportunity to expand they were hesitant, and took their time. They built their brand, then expanded, while GovWorks expanded before having a chance to see how the company would grow in the long-term. Another thing that led to their downfall was that Herman and Isaza Tuzman found themselves butting eads in the way the company was run. They displayed a lack of training about the fundamentals of making an Internet firm work; Hermans low-key personality clashed with Isaza Tuzmans business-first approach, and eventually Herman was forced out of the company he had helped to found by his longtime friend. While going into business with another person can be an asset, it’s always key to remember the boundaries of business and friendship. When two people don’t meet eye to eye on the basics of how they want their business to run, it’s a recipe for disaster. Going into business doesn’t just involve a good idea. It involves planning and knowing how to use the right people in the right resources. Bill Stewart explained how although he knows a lot about packaged foods, he doesn’t know everything, and he knows when to bring in other people who know what they are doing to help further his company. It also involves knowing what parts of your business to expand, and when. One huge factor that Herman and Tuzman missed was having a trial run of their project, to forecast how it would pan out in the future. Again, Geek Squad is a great example of knowing when to hold back and when to expand. Knowing all of these things now, it makes sense that their firm failed, however at the time, I can only imagine how they must have felt while their dream was spiraling downward. 1 Kuemmerle, Walter. Harvard Business Review. â€Å"A Test for the Faint Hearted† p. 6. May 2002. http://www. pencom. gov. ng/download/seminars/A_test_for_the_Fainthearted. pdf

Alexis Sanchez Essays

Alexis Sanchez Essays Alexis Sanchez Essay Alexis Sanchez Essay Alexis Alejandro Sanchez Sanchez (born on December 19, 1988 in Tocopilla, Chile) is a Chilean football player, who plays as a winger or forward. He is known as El Nino Maravilla (the Wonder Boy). Alexis was named by World Soccer Magazine as one of the 50 most exciting teenagers in the world game. He began his professional career with the Chilean club Cobreloa. He played one season there before being signed by the Serie A team, Udinese. Udinese had to pay nearly $3 million for his signature. Colo-Colo then paid Udinese nearly $150,000 for his services in the upcoming Clausura tournament and the following Apertura tournament in the Liga Chilena. He scored his first goal with Colo-Colo in the Copa Sudamericana 2006 against the Liga Deportiva Alajuelense on October 10, 2006 in David Arellano Stadium. On March 12th 2007 Sanchez hurt his toe and there were major fears that Sanchezs career may be over. On March 20th 2007, Sanchez made a miraculous recovery from his bad toe and scored a hat-trick in a Copa Libertadores group match versus Caracas. On August 15th 2007, he was signed to River Plate on loan. [1] Udinese has Alexis Sanchez valued at 20 million euros. [2] On June 18th 2008 newspaper reports were published linking Sanchez to a move to Manchester United FC. Sanchez the Wonder Boy is dubbed the next Cristiano Ronaldo. International At the young age of seventeen, Sanchez has played for the Chilean National team on several different occasions. He debuted when the international team took on Universidad Catolica. He played in a friendly game against New Zealand in Chile. Prior to the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, the Chilean National Team went on a tour in Europe playing three friendlies. They played Ireland, Cote dIvoire, and Sweden. Sanchez played significant minutes in all three games impressing scouts. Despite only scoring one goal in the 2007 South American Youth Championship, Sanchez proved to be a vital part of the Chilean national team that went on to qualify for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. During the tournament Sanchez had numerous chances and created opportunities for others. However the U-20 World Cup and the Copa America 2007 are both taking place in the same month with both teams needing his services. Titles Season Club Title Clausura 2006 Colo-Colo Primera Division Chile Champion Apertura 2007 Colo-Colo Primera Division Chile Champion Clausura 2008 River Plate Argentine Primera

Nike Fuel Band Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nike Fuel Band - Essay Example Buyers of the product want to understand their habits more effectively, so that they can improve. Shame is one of the factors that propel buyers to make use of the device once they purchase it. If no activity is registered, the band will have a dull red dot with no other signal. Therefore, users will feel guilty about not doing enough to activate the sensors in the machine. On the other hand, one may also assume that these consumers are driven by attainment of short term goals. They want to feel good about themselves and the efforts that they have put into self improvement. It is for this reason that the band sends congratulatory messages to those persons who have attained their daily goals. Buyers of the product are also believers of scientific techniques. This device will collect data on the consumer’s fitness activities throughout the day through a combination of their movements and plyometrics. Essentially, one would not buy such a band if one did not believe in the power of science to find information about something and then build it to become a more informative insight. These are also people who are well-informed about fitness processes. Many of them know the intricacies of calorie counting as well as the implications of exercise intensity (Dent, 2012). ... Usually, the rewards come in the form of a dancing alien. While the latter may seems like an insignificant and intangible item, it is the meaning of that reward that counts. These types of consumers also long for approval from other people. Perhaps another revolutionary thing about the product is its ability to link consumers with other users though social networks. It allows persons with similar goals to share their accomplishments and thus boost each other’s morale. Such buyers relish complements from their peers. They also care about what people think regarding them. Conversely, one may look at this behavior from a different angle. Persons who purchase the band in order to connect with friends may be perceived as friendly and sociable creatures. The device could simply be a new way of spending time with their counterparts and sharing with them. They may be looking for different points of contact with each other. Buyers of the product are tech-savvy, which explains why a per son will need to use a range of other technology platforms to reap its full benefits. For instance, it depends on Bluetooth technology in order to use an application which will calculate the person’s activity rate. Additionally, consumers with ipads and ipods may also use the device in order to enjoy tracking via their applications (Nike, 2013). The product is sold for substantially more than other similar devices in the market. It goes for $150 yet a competing product is sold at $60. Regardless, of these differences, the bands were sold out during the launch. Clearly, these consumers do not focus much on price. They are more interested in the value that they can derive from the product. Purchasers have

Polsky's "Presidency at War" Essay

Polsky's "Presidency at War" - Essay Example Through case studies of inhabitants of the White House, Polsky confirms that no result of a war has satisfied a wartime presidents ambitions. Another important point that Polsky puts across is that the constitution is unclear concerning such clauses as Article IV, which does not specify which branch is responsible to repel invasions. In lieu to this, the constitution fails to provide a coherent definition of concepts such as ‘invasion’, and hence one cannot know whether it means armed conflict and a formal state of war (Polsky 559). Polsky evidences President Abraham Lincoln’s Civil War era who famously asserted that events controlled his actions, rather than his actions controlling events. In addition, he exemplifies Barrack Obama, George W. Bush, Richard Nixon, Abraham Lincoln, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Lyndon Johnson and their overestimation of power as commander-in-chief. Polsky points out that presidential leadership during times of war requires guidance from varied policymakers, failure of which they put Americans at risk of the associated disadvantages of war. This calls for a change in strategy and an integration of congressional, judicial, and public opinion in

Blogs for innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Blogs for innovation - Essay Example During their arrival, Orchha was gradually emerging as a tourist attraction. Due to poverty and lack of knowledge in the region, it prevented the growth of tourism (Sisodia, 2013). As a result, Asha came up with a Village Home Stay program intended for Orchha village. The aim of the program was to exploit tourism opportunities in the region in order to enhance local economic development, education, cultural exchanges between locals and visitors as well as environmental protection. It had also to offer the people of Orchha with superior work opportunities, which would positively influence the individual life of the residents. In 2007, Asha founded Friends of Orchha with the aid of a few friends from Europe to enhance tourism that is socially responsible and one that would offer an opportunity for cultural exchanges and a source of income for the needy families (Sisodia, 2013). Friends of Orchha provided help to the poor families to build and renovate their courtyards that would be hired to visitors. The families were engaged to participate voluntarily in the construction of three homestays. At that particular moment, the families were unable to carry on their main activity, which was farming that was brought to a halt by drought from 2003 to 2007 (Sisodia, 2013). Therefore, they had no capital to invest, and the organization had to set up a revolving fund, which helped to build the first three home stays. Participating families provided labor in building the sanitary block and rooms. In 2009, the first room was rented out and since then the home stay has hosted more than 500 visitors from different countries. The exploiting of the tourism opportunities improved the economic conditions of the residents as well as their live style (Sisodia, 2013). With this regard, I agree with the case as it attempts to point out issues in operating gainful employment amongst a large rural population in India. It addresses that the inability to dialogue in spoken

Perceptions of Anime in the West

Perceptions of Anime in the West CHAPTER 1 Definition Different words or terms used in this dissertation might not be clear for those who are not familiar with the anime community so I will briefly explain some of the essential terms which will be in the text. 1.1.1 Anime Anime pronounced ah-ne-may is an abbreviation of the word animation. It is used to refer all animation, but it turns out that outside of Japan it has been used to refer to all animation made in Japan (Napier, 2001). Over the years Japanese animation has developed a variety of genre and caters to consumers of all ages. These animations are not simply cartoons aimed to entertain children but also have more serious themes consisting of war, death or controversy (G.Hu, 2010). Anime when viewed shows very strong and clear indications of its Japanese roots (Napier, 2001). 1.1.2 Manga Manga pronounced mahn-ga with a hard g basically means comics in Japanese. Manga can be recognized by the stylized artwork budding from old Japanese art. Regular manga chapters would be in the same physical form of a comic book and because manga is written in Japanese, the comic books are read from right to left opposite to that of western comic books (Brenner, 2007). 1.1.3 Otaku Okada Toshio calls Otakus people with a [highly] evolved sense of sight'(LaMarre, 2009). Otakus are mentioned by Azuma (2001) in her book (originally in Japanese, later translated by Jonathan E. Abel) describing them as individuals who in majority are male in gender, and generally between the age of 18 to 40. Otakus consume, produce and collect Japanese manga and anime obsessively. Their hobby extends to fan merchandise of the anime or manga they watch. Otakus had increased in such a vast number over the years that Azuma (2001) in her book mentions that this has become a culture in Japan and this is not only limited to Japan but a strongly influenced popular culture around the globe. 1.1.4 Cosplay As anime took the world by storm Cosplay followed (Poulos, 2006). Poulos (2006) explained in his book that Cosplay is short for costume and play a hobby practiced by those who are fans of anime. The main meaning of cosplaying is to dress up as a character either from an anime or a manga they like and join a group of people with the same interests and pose for taking pictures also. Cosplaying is closely associated with the Japanese community who base their Cosplay on anime and manga. 1.1.5 Mecha Mecha is short for mechanical and in the context of Japanese popular culture, Mecha is one of the many genres in anime and manga (e.g. Gundam). Anything from an electric shaver to a huge mechanical robot with a pilot inside or even if its externally controlled, is mecha. (Poitras, 2001, p. 35) 1.1.6 Fansubs Generally speaking if a fan makes subtitles for a foreign film or programs it is referred to as a fansub. While looking at the term in a narrower definition it limits the practice to fan subtitling of anime (Leonard, 2005). They would often be subtitled by fans who watch the series and then uploaded to the internet thus making it available for everyone and an anime having no translated subtitles and is in its original form would be identified as raws. 1.1.7 Forum Forums are interactive discussion areas in real time on the internet. The word forums is used in its plural form because areas of it are divided into several topics. The reason its often compared to a bulletin board is that you can post content on forums like using thumbtacks on billboards. This process on forums is called posting (Summey, Dawson, 2006). Forums are in this case used by fans that are members of this specific internet site and share their opinions, talk about popular animes or the ones that was released in the past. They have daily updates and provide links to the latest and popular manga or anime. Members can create a profile with personal information and thus have a more personal interaction with users with the same interests, comment on their topics or create new topics (Schodt, 2007). Anime and manga Before proceeding forward it is also important to establish the connection between anime and manga. They both have a rich and distinct, visual story telling. Both world of anime and manga inspire one another and often create titles related to one another (Brenner, 2007). The connection of anime and manga is much closer to that then that between American comic books and animated cartoons. Almost all animes including T.V series that are aired on different channels or those available on dvds, Original Video Animations (OVA) and theatrical features are mostly based on the manga that is published (Patten, 2004). 1.1.9 ShÃ…?nen/ShÃ…?jo ShÃ…?nen and ShÃ…?jo both are terms used for anime and manga for either the male gender or the female. ShÃ…?nen can be used for those animes or mangas targeted towards teenage boys. For example most ShÃ…?nen mangas made by Osamu Tezuka were dark and in some places he drew scenes of cannibalism. On the other hand ShÃ…?jo the term used for those anime or manga targeted towards younger girls would usually contain feminine traits in them. There are also terms implied on older men and women. Seinen is used for men while Josei is used for women (Power, 2009). 1.3 Background of Anime One of the first Japanese animations or anime was known to have been screened in 1917. All the animes made during this period of time were made with same animation techniques that were used by the rest of the world. Stories were mostly fairytales of both western and Japanese origin mainly because artists were restricted from producing animes with any hint of propaganda and other sensitive issues (Poitras, 2001, p. 16). According to Hu (2010), Japanese animation or anime significantly evolved during the end of World War II. Drazen (2003) states in his book that animation genres soon after were controversial, depicting stories that would show hardships that people came across during the war. One example is an anime by Isao Takahata called Grave of the fireflies, a story based on two children who starved to death near the end of the war. The war made an impact on the initial genre and depicted war in the animations, and some of the changes were so drastic, to the extent that they would either be about fictional battles in Japan or a battle with connection to earth; sometimes maybe in a whole other universe but humans being one of the species in the stories (Drazen, 2003). After the 1940s even most of the domestic films were animated films based on mangas. In the 1950s anime started to evolve by adaptation which started with Toei Animation. Toei animation is a famous animation studio owned by Toei Co. Ltd and its headquarters established in Tokyo, Japan. They did not stick to the genre of military and battle for long, it was then in the 1960s when anime started to generate a vast popularity and various new genre were also introduced. A number of famous titles came to surface which catered to a large variety of age groups. Some famous titles during that time mentioned by Patten (2004, p. 76) are Lupin III, Speed racer and Yamato which are run on some channels even now (these titles are mentioned because they became well known in America simultaneously). Another anime mentioned by Drazen (2003) which made its historic debut was The Mighty Atom better known as Astroboy. This anime character was considered the Mickey Mouse of Japan, his name was atom but it was locally pronounced atomu. Though the 1970s were not very productive, they did make some good animes in the genre of Mecha. Amongst them one was Gatchaman (later changed to G-force when it was aired in America). Another anime premiered during this period was Gundam which again came under the genre of mecha this manga was new as it contained a lot newer elements, some of which included climatic robot battles or robots combing to form another machine (Poitras, 2001, p. 20). During the 1980s, was the time when anime bloomed into the world, which was known as the Golden Age of Anime. Famous Animes came to surface, which are considered to be some of the best animes of all time. There are a number of famous animes that could be mentioned but some of the more famous ones are Robotech. Patten (2004, p. 76) mentions in his book that the creators of Robotech Carl Macek and Jerry Beck of Harmony gold USA and Tatsunoko Production Co., Ltd of Japan played a huge role in not only making a successful anime but also helped in the development of an even larger American audience. Famous animes such as Akira also played a key role in elevating anime in the world, with higher standards of storytelling and animation. This anime as Napier (2001) writes, had identity, structure, apocalypse a very good combination and these key ingredients enabled it to become number one at the box office in Japan. In fact the anime also beat the sci-fi hit Star Wars: Return of the Jedi duri ng the time. Later on in 1995, the anime Ghost in the shell was released and was called the true cyberpunk film. This anime was given full dedication as plans were to air on the big screen after completion. Released by the same studio as Akira, this helped maintain the companys reputation as well. In 1997 when Pokemon was released, it spread to the western states. Pokemon dominated the TV channels during the earlier years of the 21st century. Pokemon changed its name many time over the years and also gained japans second largest domestic box office for an animated film after the release of the new title Pokemon The Movie: Mew Vs. Mew-two. In the later years many other famous titles emerged such as Full metal Alchemist which became a fan favorite during its time. As well as other animated films, Princess Mononoke being one of them, is an adaptation of an old Japanese folk tale turned into an anime. Princess Mononoke made a huge impact in both Japan and America. This also motivated actress Minnie D river and actor Gillian Anderson to voice for characters in the English dubbing. Over the past years, anime has progressed radically, showing a very bright future for Japanese animation in the new century ahead as it creates a haven everywhere for its fans (Boyd Nishimura, 2004). 1.4 Impact of Japanese Animation Japanese animation has left a huge impact on those who have been exposed to it. Many agree with the fact that anime has affected them in a way which motivated them to change themselves. Some changes may include people taking up Japanese as a second language, take a liking to the Japanese cuisine, exploring a different culture and also meeting different people. Napier (2001) in her book looks at Japanese animation and how it has affected the west, America in particular. With the exposure of Japanese animation into America, there have been huge numbers of groups that have emerged. Japanese animations as mentioned before have a vast genre, which enables it to cater to a larger audience. Although Japanese Animations may have left some positive impacts on fans in America, some think otherwise. Jenkins (1992) mentions in his book about media fans and quotes: Fan is derived of the word Fanatic, which has its roots in the Latin word fanaticus. The word fanaticus as Jenkins (1992) wrote in his book was referring to the meaning off or belonging to the temple, a temple servant, a devotee. This lead to many negative implication of the word fan. The main message which Jenkins wanted to put through was contradicting Napier (2001) point of view. People were getting too absorbed. They say fans often become anti-social and absorbed. He also concluded that it sometimes may not be the case as some media fans that he refers to in his book as Textual poachers are fans who look at distinct dimensions and are often helpful in giving intellectual feed back to producers. There have also been many speculations whether Japanese animations have stolen ideas from America or not, some assumptions were made by viewing the themes of Japanese animations (Napier 2001). There may be some minor similarities or influence of Hollywood in Japanese anime, but if one views any Japanese animation it can easily be concluded that this not true. Japanese animations are very distinct and have strong Japanese elements such as, mannerism of characters, the narrative structure and social values. Making it irrelevant to think anime or Japanese animations may be a stolen form (Napier, 2001). CHAPTER 2 2.1 Anime in America During the 1940s anime was more focused towards younger audience, but thats what artists claimed, some of these were censored and often restricted because of propaganda. An example was like the anime Momotaro no Umiwashi released in 1943. Endearing animals were engaged in battle with fleets of battle ships with Americans, reason for this being restricted in some places was because this was a sensitive issue after the Pearl Harbor incident. The biggest indication that this was a propagandistic work was because this was funded by the Ministry of Navy. Such animations obviously did not help gain viewers; on the other hand, progress was made with the animation techniques. (Poitras, 2001). In the 1950s, anime managed to recover and prosper due to the fact that is was able to obtain capital and resources easily. It was then in the 1960s when anime as we know these days started to be released to the audience. One of the most famous manga artists Osumu Tezuka founded the studio Mishi Productions. They released their first animated title Aru Machikadono no Mongatari (Translated: The story of a Street Corner). ). Due to the advancement and the increase of television viewers the potential market of anime increased. It was in 1963 when Mishi Productions began airing its first TV anime Tetsuwan Atom and soon after it was broadcasted by NBC in America. It was redubbed and its title was changed to a more localized name which later on turned world famous AstroBoy (Poitras, 2001). Osamu Tezukas famous series Astro boy was released to the American audience around the same time as its introduction to its Japanese viewers (Clements McCarthy, 2006). Ladd Deneroff (2009) mentioned in their book, the term Anime Tsunami which fits what happened during these years of animes rise in America. Along with some other titles such as voltron and speed Racer. Anime started to emerge on an even larger scale during the period when Robotech was aired which was around the 1980s (Patten, 2004). Some may even say it was a stepping stone for anime in the Western market. It started off around the year of 1985 when it was aired as a TV series by Harmony Gold and ending up to be a huge success, they released more episodes with a total of 65 episodes (Clements McCarth, 2006). During this time anime was well on its way to being a huge part of the marketing decisions being made by the U.S, reason being the serious number of growth of fans. Some video store chains were known to supply r edubbed versions of anime because of the increasing number of viewers (Poitras, 2001). Demographics: Anime has catered to a diverse range of age groups. From 1963 to 1968 famous animes such as Astro boy and Speed Racer were genre of anime clearly targeted towards a younger audience, that was alongside the famous American made cartoon Transformers. The development of anime as an industry and as a fandom has been extraordinary, but it hasnt been smooth sailing. San Diegos Comic Con which was first held in 1970 starting off with just 300 people and in 2004 the number of people recorded were between 75,000 to 87,000. This goes to show the ever increasing fandom for anime (Brown, 2008). Susan J. Napier (2001) writes in her book that amongst the places in America that gave a surprise was an anime club in the University of Texas which had about 300 members. Not all the members were students, majority of the members were from outside the university and only 39.7 percent of those members were students. Austin, Texas was known for its high-tech industry and also for the majority of the locals who were engaged in computer programming. Thus the majority of the fans were engaged in anime very naturally because of their jobs. New York was not to far off, the Big Apple was known to have a large number of respondents as well. The platform anime is viewed on has changed drastically through the years by both technological and economical influences. Amongst the mediums it was television that started things off in the earlier years around the 1960s. In the later years as technology progressed and the arrival of home video players and Video Cassette Recorders (VCR) enabled producers to reach a whole new audience. Before these advancements the only mediums anime could be viewed on were theaters. It was then in the 1990s when the use of Satellite/cable was becoming more common. This was not only a way to reach a bigger audience but also cost effective for the studios which aired the shows, as only one copy of the show was required for it to be aired (Clements and McCarthy, 2006). During these years as the growth of anime had been phenomenal, so had the growth of fans. Conventions were taking place all over America, universities being the main locations for the events. More and more fans lead to more channels on television dedicated to anime. Adult Swim being one of those channels which aired some famous animes like, Schinchiro Watanabes Cowboy Bebop or Masashi Ikedas Inuyasha (Clements and McCarthy, 2006). The most effective source of anime which had a major role in the growth in anime fandom was The Internet. The internet allowed fans to have access to anime at their convenience, only a click away (Napier, 2001). Websites such as animetake ( http://www.animetake.com ) are typical websites which have almost everything an anime fan needs, from free anime fan subbed episodes to forums where they can converse with other anime fans. There were some problems which came to surface which concerned legal issues. An example is of subgroups, Brown (2001) mentioned in his book about anime being translated by anime fans for anime fans. This started off mainly because some genres that were favored by a minority and not subbed because they were not popular, mainly ShÃ…?jo (Genre aimed at teenage girls). Later on as many others started to fansub famous animes, the produces took this on as an advantage to see how the anime will fair in the American market. As this became a hot topic and discussions of the ethics of making fansubs were brought into question there were still those who may have wanted to profit from this, but there was a majority in groups of fansubbers who made clear their principle of not profiting from these copyright violation and making it available for fans at the same cost (Brown, 2001). There were often assumptions about fans being too absorbed into anime. Brown(2001) writes about people who make fansubs for other anime fans and also mentioning a couple who owned Tomodachi Anime Group based in America which is now obsolete, losting an estimate of 10,000 $ pursuing their passion. Does this make them fans or Fanatics? Jenkins (1992) who writes in his book about fans and questioning whether they are fans or fanatics? As some of these individuals practically lock themselves up in their basement and get out of sync with reality or become socially maladjusted. 2.2 Globalization and culture A survey conducted by Held and McGrew (2000: 3) declared that: no singe universally accepted definition of globalization exists. Kearney (1995) says it is social relations that form a connection with other areas across the world which cause changes in local areas because of the events taking place elsewhere and vice versa. Steger (2010) writes that globalization has been traced back in history but was only until recently the public realize the process of globalization. Throughout the years many definitions have been brought forward. One of them by Giddens (1990) defined globalization as As the intensification of the world-wide social relation, which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa (1990, p. 64) There are Scholars who believe consequences from globalization are complex forms of interaction and interdependency (Rantanen, 2005). Rantanen (2005) wrote in his book saying Thompson (1995) focused more on media and culture and also had similar views as Giddens (1990). Thompson (1995) mentioned Globalizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦refers to the growing interconnections of different parts of the world, a process which gives rise to complex forms of interaction and interdependencies (1995, p. 149). Waters (1995) and Robertson (1992) were amongst those who would stress that globalization was experienced through the consciousness, which in other words meant people would experience globalization through their own awareness instead of social relations. Waters (1995) states that globalization is a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding (1995, p. 3). Rantanen (2005) writes in his book that globalization according to theorists is not possible without Media and communication. Along with the progression of globalization the lives of many in Asia and North America have enhanced. Despite the assumptions by media theorists and scholars, universally there is no concrete explanation to define globalization. To conclude the term globalization, this term does not have any solid foundation, because it could mean otherwise depending on the environment. On the other had there are those who are skeptics like Hirst and Thompson (1999) who in their book write about how the possibilities of controlling international economy is hopeless. 2.2.1 Hetrogenization/Homogenization Many Scholars conclude that globalization may result either to heterogenization or homogenization. Mooney and Evans (2007) write in their book about homogenization, saying it basically means things becoming one. There are many environments that could be effected such as political, cultural practices, languages, consumer products, ideologies, media, and all forms of entertainment. There are many mediums and sources which made this possible, internet being one of the most effective. Many scholars who defined globalization would sometimes imply homogenization. Amongst those scholars one was Albrow (1990). In his work he came to the conclusion that the whole population of the world is incorporated as one massive society. Globalization Refers to all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society, global society (Albrow, 1990, p 45). Although Albrow (1990) defined globalization as being homogenized, but there are theorists who contested his vi ews. Lull (2000, p 233) differs that globalization would lead to heterogenization. He believes that no matter what medium it may be, even if its modern technology, with its efficiency to reach a mass audience, it in no way has influenced the population into becoming a single community and it never will (Rantanen, 2005). Rantanen (2005) mentions in his book, people amongst those who criticize heterogenization often object to the strength that is being given to the general public; disregarding the global medias economic power. Neglecting that the large media firms location is in the U.S. and lastly ignoring the fact that there is discrepancy in portions of the audiences access to the media. 2.3 Cultural Imperialism: Anheier and Isar (2007) argue that cultural imperialism is spread through powerful, influential countries that have a strong culture. Anheier and Isar (2007) refer to these areas as core of the world culture systems and then those countries that are poor and are less developed eventually end up absorbing from those that are core of the world culture system. Cultural imperialism is categorized as being homogeneous in the theory brought forward by the writers about cultural imperialism assumes this process as homogeneous. Reason being the mass audience who are exposed to these cultures accept and absorb the other culture of other countries which are mentioned in the book as the core of the world cultural system almost instinctively (Anheier and Isar, 2007). In support, Fejes (1981) assessment in which he, after evaluation of a specific area turned to the issue of media imperialism and its effects on cultures, saying it causes change to the third world countries cultures. From what Feje s (1981) mentioned, we can gather that the media worldwide which are owned by the dominant countries control what the audiences watch. All Shows, News, Advertisements aired by those media groups who dominate, drastically alters most cultural ideals of the third world countries by the output which is hugely generic to the dominant, may it be superiority economically (Tomlinson, 2001) or, as Anheier and Isar(2007) mentioned , those who are core of the Cultural system. Hesmondhalgh and Toynbee (2008) write in their book about the WTO (World Trade Organization) Treaty and taking out one of the 28 agreements from 1994 which was TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement). Some of the countries that were members had to eventually change laws or practices as it was necessary to follow the rules or principles of the organization. The agreement of TRIPS state these steps as necessary for artists in countries who wish to protect their work or their creativity from misuse. In compliance with TRIPS, some countries may have to make major changes in some of their countries polices. Hesmondhalgh and Toynbee (2008) state these developments can be taken as imperialism in the form of culture. However, Sparks (2007) debates aside from the fact that cultural imperialism is used for academic purposes but when it comes to politics, there are problems that arise. Pendakaur (1990, p 167) wrote about a group of workers and some small capitalists who had the aim to gain the national control of the Canadian cinema. On the other hand there were the eminent capitalists who were the current owners of the national theatre chains. They wanted to maintain their current standings and keep in control of their current position (Sparks, 2007). What Pendakaur explains what Sparks mentions in his book about those who are dominant. Though these dominant entities might want to gain control, the majority would desire to maintain the current environment as it is (Sparks, 2007). Then there is also the term reverse flow which Barker (1997) mentions in his book. Among the examples were about reggae music, ethnic food and clothing the acceptance of other cultures in the western countries and making a n impact on their culture (Barker, 1997). Chapter 3: Case Study To evaluate how anime or Japanese animations were perceived by the west specifically America we look at the Anime Robotech which in 1984 was called Macross. the Robotech phenomenon is a curious hybrid of Japanese animation and American ambition'(Clements and McCarthy, 2006). Released in 1985 by the studio Harmony Gold USA and Tatsunoko Production an animated film studio based in Tokyo, Japan. This anime was adapted from three separate Mecha Japanese animes namely Macross, Southern Cross, and Mospeada, reasons being that inorder to be broadcasted they had to have a minimum of 65 episode , thus Harmony Gold formed a co-licensing agreement with these three animes. The brainchild behind the story of Robotech was the writer Carl Macek. Macek edited almost all of the content and changed the dialogue to get the anime tailored to the story of Robotech. The names of some of the characters in Robotech were also altered to appeal to the American and international audience, including the name of the protagonist who in America he was named Rick Hunter while in Japan he was called Hikaru Ichijo. The Basic storyline of the anime Robotech is based in the year 1999. A giant Alien Battle Cruiser crashes on earth which enables the entire human race to unite and work together in case a scenario where the aliens come to retrieve their ship should arise. Ten Years later, reconstruction of the battle spaceship now named the SDF-1 was still underway when the aliens named the Zentraedi invade earth to retrieve their ship. In an attempt to save earth, the SDF-1 fires the Spacefold Drive an untested weapon which transports them into deep space, there the prolonged battle against the Zentraedi takes place. Rick Hunter is the main character of the anime who has a complex relationship with two main female characters, the ships officer Lisa Hayes and a singer Lynn Minmay. Events lead to many tragedies and loss of many main characters (Clements and McCarthy, 2006). 15 years later Rick Hunter along with the SDF-3 carry on their voyage in space but the story changes with the Robotech masters saga as they set off in search of the world of Robotech masters. The Robotech masters on the other hand are well on their way towards earth, were they attack in search of their protoculture factory. The main character of the story is Dana Sterling who is the offspring of the first interspecies marriage. She along with her comrades try to save earth, but eventually a man on the opposing side having unclear motives destroys his own culture to save them (Clements and McCarthy, 2006). The story continues after this second Robotech war and before the third season. Aliens known as the Invid conquer earth but the inhabitants are too worn out from the battles to fight back. A generation later the main character named Scott Bernard with his reinforcements tries to liberate earth. All seems lost when eventually they manage to come into contact with Admiral Rick Hunter and with his space fleet, giving earth a ray of hope (Clements and McCarthy, 2006). Looking at Robotech and its penetration into America, Robotech as mention by Clements and McCarthy (2006) is an American and Japanese hybrid. Macross was brought to the U.S in 1984 then later on released as Robotech in 1985, the name was also changed to Robotech in the same year. Robotech was made from three purely Japanese animes namely Macros, Southern Cross, and Mospeada. These animes were co-licensed by Harmony Gold and then were completely re-edited. The stories and dialogues were completely changed by Carl Macek. There were subtle name change for some characters but there were also some dramatic changes to some of the other names, for example Miss Hayase was changed to Lisa Hayes and the name of the protagonist was also changed from Hikaru Ichijo to Rick Hunter, mainly to appeal to the American and international markets. All these changes made by Harmony Gold show clear signs of cultural imperialism. They took pure Japanese anime, completely changed the story by an American wri ter. There were often arguments about how anime after penetrating America started to spread the Japanese culture and colonize America. One of the reasons is, anime having strong Japanese cultural content. But looking at Robotech, how Harmony Gold took Japanese anime and made it their own, we can clearly see, that is not the case here (Lau, 2003). Another example can be of the famous Anime Mach Go Go Go, originally released in Japan and aired on American TV in 1967 as Speed Racer. It was considerably changed as the writer Peter Fernandez was given the job of toning down the Japanese version to an American version. They started off by changing the name to Speed Racer. They made a point to remove any type of violence or deaths of villains by making revolving stars around their heads to make it more humorous. They changed the names for the characters as well, changing the name of the protagonist Go Mifune to Speed (Clements and McCarthy, 2006). Ther

Independent Reading Project: Creating a Museum of Living Literature Ess

Independent Reading Project: Creating a Museum of Living Literature 1. Problem Statement In preparation for the Advanced Placement Literature and Composition exam, high school students must read many kinds of literature during the year-long course to familiarize themselves with different time periods, movements, philosophies, and genres. Advanced Placement students must learn to think critically, and be ready to find, analyze, and express literary connections through written analysis. The biggest challenge of teaching and learning Advanced Placement English is the difficulty covering the entire scope of literature in two semesters. Twentieth century literature often gets neglected. The pace of the curriculum can also limit the creativity of lesson planning and evaluation. Many teachers rely heavily on lecture, discussion, and a traditional analysis paper. To add some variety to traditional teaching and learning strategies, a teacher might design an independent project where students work in teams and focus collaboratively on a single novel from the twentieth century. Each team would read a selected book and work together to create artifacts that would be shared with the other teams. Through collaborative work and sharing, students would be able to grasp the concepts and connections of several works of literature. The project outlined in section 5 will target twentieth century literature. 2. Target Audience The target audience is two sections of the Advanced Placement English Class. There are approximately 24 students in each class. These students are in their final year of high school at St. Pius X Catholic High School. The classes are coed, ranging in ages between 17-18 years old. The... ...to create. 7. Works Cited Blumenfeld, P. C., Solloway, E., Marx, R. W., Krajcik, J. S., Guzdial, M., & Palincsar, A. (1991). Motivating project‑based learning: Sustaining the doing, supporting the learning. Educational Psychologist, 26(3 & 4), 369‑398. Available October 17, 2002, from Professional Development Collection database: http://search.epnet.com Turner, J., & Paris, S. G. (1995). How literacy tasks influence childrenï ¿ ½s motivation for literacy. The Reading Teacher, 48(8), 662‑673. Available October 17, 2002, from Professional Database Collection database: http://search.epnet.com/ Wang, S.‑K., & Han, S. (2001). Six cï ¿ ½s of motivation. In M. Orey (Ed.), Learning, teaching, & technology. Retrieved September 15, 2002, from University of Georgia, Dept. of Instructional Technology Web site: http://itstudio.coe.uga.edu/ebook/6csmotivation.htm