Research into International NGOs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1663 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? The major findings wereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  The strategic approach identified by NGO towards anti-trafficking measures is relevant to and supports NGOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mandate of addressing Violence against Women (VAW). It synchronizes with MDGs, Global VAW strategy, SAARC Convention, CEDAW article 6, BPfA and the New Aid Environment for Gender Equality. UNIFEMs Programme on anti-trafficking is catalytic, context specific, integrated with a more holistic and gender-sensitive approaches in comparison to other UN agencies like UNICEF, UNODC and ILO. Partners selected by UNIFEM have the requisite experience in the field and technical competence for combating human trafficking. Interventions and project activities implemented were strategically relevant with spatiotemporal coverage from the perspectives of source, route and demand areas. The stakeholders and beneficiaries selected were strategically relevant and spatially distributed. GO-NGO consider NGOs role relevant in awareness and knowledge generation on trafficking of women and Children. The major outcomes and impact wereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Research into International NGOs" essay for you Create order Regional Cooperation and linkages on anti-trafficking measures have made marginal progress Improvement in legal framework and policy change towards combating trafficking of women and children is only nominal There is no evidence of increase in recording of incidences of crime under Immoral Trafficking (Prevention) Act 1956 The number of arrests, prosecution and convictions do not reflect any distinct improvement, as was envisaged under the programme Trafficking cases in the beneficiary villages are less as compared to the non-beneficiary villages due to increased public awareness Attitudinal change towards survivor victims and their children have been observed in the beneficiary areas as a result of programme interventions Psycho-social counselling and skill development measures promoted by the programme have infused self confidence among the beneficiary victims Border vigilance has been effective in reducing human trafficking cases in the programme intervention areas NGO supervised shelter homes/rehabilitation centres provide better living conditions, educational avenues and skill development capacities International NGOs in the anti-trafficking movement hold opposing views on the issue of legalizing prostitution as a strategy for combating trafficking. It is of the view that while trafficking should be eradicated, legalizing prostitution could reduce trafficking, based on the premise that it is the illegality of the work that makes trafficking the major form of recruitment for the sex industry. Another NGO who opposes this view argues that prostitution should continue to be an illegal activity and that legalization would not eradicate the systemic control of female sexuality by males. Opposing NGO adamantly opposes legalization on the grounds that prostitution reduces all women to sex. They further argue that in poorer countries where women are ill-educated and socially discriminated, legalizing prostitution would help recruiters, who would no longer have to evade the law. It also points out that the trafficked women would not be conversant of the law, especially if they are traf ficked to foreign countries and would not likely be in a position to control the terms and conditions of their work. The current U.S. Government policy is firmly against legalizing prostitution. The Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s National Security Directive on Human Trafficking of 25 February 2003 notes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Prostitution and related activity, which are inherently harmful and de-humanizing contribute to the phenomenon of trafficking in persons, as do sex tourism, which is an estimated US$1 billion per year business per year.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Accordingly, USAID notes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Organizations advocating prostitution as an employment choice or which support the legalization of prostitution are not appropriate partners of USAID anti-trafficking grants or contracts.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is interesting to note that Thailand, which is in Tier 3 of the TIPS Report, is currently debating the issue of legalizing prostitution. It is among the ideas proposed by the think tank, Nati onal Economic and Social Development (NESDB), in February 2003 in order to turn underground businesses into legal ones and boost state revenues. The proponents of legalization of prostitution in Thailand have argued that it will reduce corruption of an underground economy and will help curb the risks of sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, because the government and AIDS activists will have access to brothels. While the supply side of the commercial sex trade, consisting of the female sex worker, has become the main focus of sex trafficking discourse, the male-dominant demand side is less researched, analysed and much less visible. It is a demand driven industry and any successful anti-trafficking strategy needs to understand the demand in all its ramifications. The growth of the billion-dollar sex and entertainment industry is thriving because the male need to purchase female sex is tolerated as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“necessary evil.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  While the male dominanc e of the institutions that nurture the demand for commercial sex, such as the entertainment industry, tourism, crime syndicates, the Internet, and the military are well known, how the demand is created for prostitution by the male clients is taken for granted as evidenced by Lernerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s description as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"naturalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ by-product of human social formation needing no explanation.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  There is obviously a methodological flaw on gathering data from the male clients. In focusing on eliminating the vulnerability of women to trafficking and prostitution, the discourse on the topic has a female bias. Women mainly gather data on male clients from women who are in the sex trade. Women find it difficult to access the networks of male clients and the nature of the discourse is such that clients have the anonymity that female sex workers do not. It is imperative that if anti-trafficking strategies are to be successful globally, the methodology should incorporate men gathering data from other men in order to obtain a comprehensive analytical view of the processes of socialization of male demand for commercial sex. It is interesting to note that when Sweden introduced laws in 1999 to criminalize men who purchase sex, while decriminalizing female prostitutes, the incidence of female sex trafficking dropped. It was, however, noted that while the demand for prostitution decreased in Sweden, it increased in neighbouring countries. The male clients simply went somewhere else. International Organization for Migration (IOM) has field offices in the majority of countries in Eastern Europe and the CIS IOM approaches trafficking from a migration perspective. The organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interventions include assistance to victims, awareness-raising campaigns, data collection, and research. Recent initiatives supported by IOM include a number of projects in the CEE and the CIS: Preventing trafficking of people for sexual exploitation in Croatia; Assistance for the return of victims of trafficking who are stranded in the Balkans; Reintegration support network for victims of trafficking who have returned to Albania; Establishment of a network of shelters for trafficking victims in Serbia and Montenegro, to mention a few. In CIS, the IOM conducted research projects collecting information on human trafficking and supporting projects in Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Kyrgyz Republic, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan to provide aid to victims of trafficking and training to social welfare and law enforcement agencies in dealing with trafficking victims. The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), concerned with the human rights aspect of trafficking, have launched a number of anti-trafficking initiatives that cover a wide range of thematic issues, particularly legislative reform, law enforcement, and public awareness. In July 2003 OSCE adopted an Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, urging states to take a range of specific measures such as liberalising labour markets to create greater job opportunities particularly for women and providing social and economic assistance to victims. The OSCE ODIHR produced a Reference Guide for Anti-Trafficking Legislative Review and Reform, also available in Russian, is a valuable tool for raising awareness about the complexity of the trafficking issue and the need for relevant legislative changes. The US Department of State contributes to counter trafficking efforts by publishing its annual Trafficking in Persons Report, which provides important data on scale and size of phenomenon worldwide. The Department of Labour intends to fund the establishment of six training and support centres for women victims of trafficking or at-risk women in major cities in Central and Eastern Europe and the Newly Independent States, through its cooperative agreement with the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX), a non-governmental organization. These centres will provide training for 6,480 women in areas such as basic job skills, computer literacy, job-seeking strategies and development of business plans. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) focuses primarily on prevention of Trafficking in persons (TIP), protection and assistance to victims, and reform and implementation of anti-TIP policy and legislation.[1] Dimension of Anti-Trafficking Programmes The human rights principles of participation and representation require the involvement of affected persons, in particular the victim, and their communities in formulating anti-trafficking strategies. The centring of the affected persons produces several beneficial outcomes, including the following: Creating a sense of ownership of the process Enabling policy makers and practitioners to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"learn from belowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Producing more effective, grounded and sustainable strategies Developing cross-sectorial and multilevel partnerships Keeping this central principle in mind, the following sections elaborate on the scope and content i.e. prevention, prosecution, protection and rehabilitation reintegration. Prevention of Trafficking As stated earlier, one of the purposes of the Trafficking Protocol is to prevent trafficking, particularly of women and children and to promote cooperation among States Parties to achieve that end (Article 2, Trafficking Protocol). When planning prevention efforts, the following general considerations should be taken into account: Include long-term programs to address trafficking. These would involve ensuring the rights of trafficked person. More specific interventions would include reducing vulnerability through developing livelihood options in countries of origin and poverty alleviation schemes. Direct campaigns toward potential victims, officials and the public. Involve all key actors, including judicial and law enforcement personnel, migration authorities, NGOs and civil society, the media, international and intergovernmental organisations. Encourage the formation of collaborative partnerships between countries of destination, origin and transit. A prevention strategy will need to consist of the following elements: awareness raising, training, research initiatives, addressing root causes, empowerment campaigns and border measures. These elements are not mutually exclusive, and indeed there is much scope for overlap between them. [1] UNIFEM Regional Anti-Trafficking Programme in South Asia (2000-2009), Evaluation Report

Welfare Reform Temporary Assistance for Needy Families...

In August 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) passed. This legislation ended the Family Aid with Dependent Children (AFDC) and replaced it with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Unlike AFDC, TANF is not an entitlement program. This means that states are under no obligation to provide cash assistance to eligible families. Instead the federal government gives block grants to assist poor families with the emphasis on moving them from welfare to work or deterring them from applying for welfare in the first place. States are no longer obligated to match federal funds, creating an incentive to eliminate their previous portion of the funding for critical programs. Now due to†¦show more content†¦When highly paid professional women leave jobs to stay home and take care of their children they are considered ?good mothers?. Also, when they do decide to work outside the home they are judged as ?selfish? and ?bad mother s?. However, the expectation of poor women is the exact opposite. Poor women are often criticized for staying home to take care of their children and are expected to leave the home and work for wage in order to receive the ?good mother? approval from society. One reform argument is centered on the ?burden? for taxpayers to support people who are not trying to help themselves. Gilens reported, ?The economic self-interest explanation of welfare reform is widely assumed to be true, and debates over public policy often remain on the assumption that the middle class resent paying for programs that benefit only the poor? (Gilens, p. 2, 1996). Reform efforts often focus on general stereotypes of welfare recipients not wanting to work and preferring to take advantage of taxpayer money. Conservatives and liberals refer to ?welfare spending? as excessive and unnecessary. However, prior to the popularity of welfare reform, the U.S. Bureau of Census reported actual money spent on AFDC was only 7% of the $613 billion spend on social welfare which included health care, veterans? programs, education, housing, and pubic aid (tables 579, 583, 1993). With government statistics contradicting claims of excessive spending, there isShow MoreRelatedMassach usetts And Kentucky s Temporary Assistance For Needy Families Post Secondary Reform Movements1634 Words   |  7 Pages Stephanie Steele Final Exam Amna Osman State and Local Government Upper Iowa University April 23rd, 2015 1. What led to the success of Maine and Kentucky’s Temporary Assistance to Needy families Post-Secondary Reform movements? Maine is a small state that is not terribly diverse in it s population. Ethnic and racial minorities make up just less that 2 percent of its population (U.S. Census Bureau). Maine has also been considered one of the more poorer states. 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What is the Measure of Unhappy Free Essays

The Simpsons, was a dysfunctional family, with no less than a rebellious son constantly getting into trouble in school and the community in general, and a drunkard father who would not hesitate to strangle said son at the slightest provocation. It is wacky and funny, owing to its cartoonish character and its brilliant writing. The same can be said of the Bluth family in Arrested Development, where between feuding siblings, a drunkard, former socialite mother and a fugitive father, at the center are values that remain somewhat intact. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the Measure of Unhappy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their dysfunction, and tragic circumstances are brought in a humorous light. Though with the title Little Miss Sunshine, we see nothing of the glamor we would expect a few minutes into the movie. This is no Simpsons—at least that family kept to their values, had the support of their Springfield neighborhood; this is no Arrested Development, as there is no one member left that is functional enough, strong enough to keep the ties together. For all intents and purposes, the Hoovers of Little Miss Sunshine are estranged, and ready to tear to separate directions. We are immediately introduced to people at the end of their ropes—the grandfather is a heroin addict, the uncle recently failed in his suicide attempt, the father is a failed â€Å"self-help† author, the son has all but disowned his dysfunctional family. The mother, for all her efforts to keep her family together, is ironically nothing but a foil to make clearer how much in desperate circumstance the family has gone. The movie centers around the eventual trip the family has to California, for a Little Miss Sunshine pageant for the youngest daughter, but here there is more opportunity to show how far down its members have gone. No one member is not dependent on the other—the suicidal uncle could not be left alone, or alone with his nephew; the grandfather, who has been with his granddaughter longest, is impliedly dependent on her for emotional support; this line of dependency eventually passes to the mother, and the father last. Everyone but the daughter is reluctantly pulled to the journey. There is not much to be said about the acting done in the movie, as every character was subtly played. Steve Carrell plays a person different altogether from his previous roles as family man or comic hero—he plays a manic-depressive intellectual homosexual, and he delivers perfectly the consequential line where he explains to his niece why he tried to kill himself. Greg Kinnear, in portraying the straight-laced father who tries to maintain a semblance of reason to his family, successfully balances the seriousness of his mood while becoming involved in ridiculous situations. Memorable—perhaps owing to him being at the center of the only â€Å"loud† scene in the entire movie—is Alan Arkin, the wise cracking grandfather who breaks the stereotype of the embittered old man trapped in the memories of days past or a war they might have taken past. The â€Å"shining ray of light†, perhaps, in the household is the little daughter, Olive Hoover, who spends countless days dreaming about pageants and watching the coronation of beauty queens. From what we see of her and her actions throughout the film, we wonder whether she was oblivious to the situation her family was in. There is a scene of her whooping with joy from room to room while from the kitchen the father and mother violently exchange words, eventually dragging the family in the argument in the process. In the aftermath of the scene, in comes Olive, still whooping with joy. She is also constantly sheltered by her mother and her father, in separate circumstances from what would be deemed â€Å"inappropriate† at her age. For those who would search for the comedy in the movie, there is none but dry, tired humor. There are no exaggerated misadventures that the average Bluth or Simpson might encounter, but little troubles that could normally arise. Those who watched expecting serious or contemplative thought, would be the ones pleasantly surprised. For while in themselves the picture of a family running after the bus to catch a ride would be in itself funny, it does not break the gloom, but complement it. Eventually each of them are pushed to the limits of their patience, and comes face to face with the measure of unhappiness. What measure is unhappy? The movie forces us to tackle this question head-on, in-between the humorous intakes of breath. Each of the family members sees their vision of life fall apart: the father sees the failure of his venture to promote his book; the uncle sees the vision of what he had lost come to life before him again; the son comes face to face with the prospect of a shattered dream, and there is a death in the family. Olive Hooper, protected from the harshness of their world, surprisingly becomes the one that shows them the light in it. The son, who worships Nietzsche and sees the final end to his dream, finally and completely rejects everything—his family and his life. Only the quiet gesture of his sister makes him realize that the trip is not about him, or his troubles. But her. And she was willing to sacrifice that time for him. When the mother, seeing her world start to come to pieces, finds support in the hug of her family, and her child. The father, coming to a point where he could choose to shatter his child’s dream—knowing that he has, once and for all, been defeated—chooses instead to throw his worries away and join in the crazed merriment of his family. If one was to watch the movie, and look for something better that would come the main characters’ way, they would find the end underachieving. The family remains subdued, dysfunctional, and a failure in each of their respective right. There is, however, something different indeed—for by the end we learn that while each of us has dreams, we do not need to place standards of happiness on attaining them—we can be happy in being with family, being ourselves. It’s not the accomplishment of something, but the journey taken in its accomplishment that is important. In the end, happiness is not a state which we seek to attain—but a choice to be content with wherever we are. We could all take a cue on Olive. In the face of the troubles and misadventures of her family, the loss, and the pain each is faced with, she never loses the sunny disposition. And when she does lose it, everyone pitches in to rouse her from her gloom. It’s because the inspiration for them to keep going, and to keep living. How to cite What is the Measure of Unhappy, Papers

Year Of The Cat by Al Stewart free essay sample

Al Stewart Year Of The Cat Al Stewart was born September 5, 1945 in Scotland, UK. He is a Scottish Folk-rock singer-songwriter and guitarist. Year Of The Cat is his best known album and was released in 1976. It is a very beautiful and melodic pop movement with many instruments to accompany Al Stewart’s singing. Pop (the musical genre this is classified as) in the 1970’s means something very different than what pop means today. This release is very refreshing because of its classical instruments and melodies instead of the usual bass blasting from the pop blend with dubstep today. The first track â€Å"Lord Grenville† is a great way to introduce this amazing album with its happy and sad vibe blend. His singing in this song tells a story (about going to Lord Grenville) like many other songs on this release. His voice is very distinct because of his accent he has with his high pitched notes. We will write a custom essay sample on Year Of The Cat by Al Stewart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is a nice change to hear a singer like this rather than hearing a lot of voices that sound the same like a couple these days. The instrumentals sound crisp, clarified and fluid. The guitars are voiced with melodic sounding acoustic/classical and the electric guitars with a blues tone. The lead guitar in some tracks have a very sweet happy blues vibe. The drums are very groovy and flourish with the singing and guitar nicely with the style of each song. According to each tracks mood, he has a tight or loose hi-hat. The keyboards sound very powerful and go with the singer nicely because they are hitting similar notes a lot. He has many diverse sounds including a classical piano which he mostly uses. There are many other instruments on Year Of The Cat including shakers, mandolin, saxophone, and bass guitar (of course). There are very notable characteristics on this release like the singing and saxophone of the album title track (Year Of The Cat). Another is the crazy tremolo (fast) p icking of the mandolin on the track â€Å"Broadway Hotel†. Year Of The Cat is an amazing release with a very beautiful sound of the many characteristics it has.