Business Communication Nursing and Residential Care

Question: Discuss about the Business Communication for Nursing and Residential Care. Answer: Introduction Nowadays, the development of technology has made pupils a regular user of internet and web based resources. It can be seen that students prefer e-books over printed learning resources because of various advantages (Gibbins, Harris and Shadbolt, 2014). The report has been developed to compare printed books with web-based alternatives to recommend the best option available for schools to support the development of students and solve their problems of printed books. Comparison It can be seen that printed books can b differentiated from e-books by conducting a comparison. A comparison between printed books and web based alternatives are presented herein blow: Comparison between printed books and web based alternatives Particulars Printed books E-books Price The price of printed books are higher than e-books due to cost of paper The price of e-books are lower than printed books because there is no cost of printing Availability Printed books are not always available on book stores E-books are always available on web sources Book buyback Program There is a need of book buyback programs that avails the students with an discount on new books while exchanging their old books E-books do not provide any buy-back facility that makes the student buy new books every time. Student's thoughts about purchasing Printed books are costly and make it difficult for the students to carry a physical book every time. In place of buying printed books, it can be borrowed from the school library. E-books are eco-friendly, reduce the burden of carrying all books and are easily available (Chang, Lee and Wang, 2016). Hence, students prefer e-books in the current generation. Advantages and disadvantages Advantage of printed book The major advantage of printed book is its physical existence. The page numbers makes it easier for the students to make any topic. Furthermore, it helps the students to mark necessary points as per requirement. Disadvantage of printed book It is heavier than e-books such as Kindle. It is costly than any e-book. Printed books are not always available on book stores. Advantage of e-book E-books virtually exist. All e-books can be carried in one device. The size of text can be adjusted as per the requirement of the reader (Kommers, 2010). It is easily available from the web-sources. Disadvantage of e-book Most of the e-books do not have any page numbers. The reader cannot mark or not down any point in e-book. Recommendation and conclusion Considering the above analysis, it can be seen that e-books have emerged to be an effective web-based alternative of printed books. Hence, schools must promote use of e-books for a better development of students technological skills. Furthermore, an e-library can be implemented by the schools to promote the learning activities of the students. Topic 2: Leasing Vs Buying of Computer Equipments Introduction There are certain benefits and downsides attached to the leasing or buying computer equipment. Both of the buying and leasing options are available to reduce the cost and financial burden. Therefore, buying or leasing computer equipment can be one of the important options for modern companies. Questions to be taken into consideration In order to get the best deal in making a decision to purchase or lease computer equipment, some of the questions must be taken into consideration. First of all, the type of lease must be understood to be signed. In the case of a capital lease, the equipment can be considered to be assets. On the other hand, the operating lease option, the equipment can be considered as monthly operating expenses. Secondly, the duration of the lease must be figured out to ensure the payment terms (Bernstein, 2016). For leasing computer equipment, the longer the lease duration, the monthly payments will be lower. The next question will be asked whether the equipment has to be insured. There are options to insure the computer equipment. Another question will be asked whether companies can add to the existing lease. In such cases, payments will be adjusted according to the terms (Nantell, 2013). Eventually, the final question will be whether a company can terminate the lease untimely. In such cases, a prepayment penalty may be added to terminate the lease agreement. Advantages and disadvantages The advantages and disadvantages of purchasing and leasing computer equipment have been briefed as follows. Purchasing: Advantages Easier than leasing equipment: Leasing equipment needed paperwork and terms and conditioned to be followed. In the case of purchasing, there is no such formality to be done. Determine maintenance schedule accordingly: With purchasing computer equipment, companies can determine the maintenance schedule according to the favourability. Equipment will be deductible: Under Section 179 of the IRS code, companies can deduct the full cost of the purchased computer equipment. Such deduction will be helpful for small organisations in a start-up business (Bernstein, 2016). Purchasing: Disadvantages Hefty sum to be funded as initial outlay: With a purchasing, companies need to invest capital in buying new computer equipment that can increase the initial cost of start up a business (Nantell, 2013). Issues with outdated equipment: As computer equipment become outdated, companies may be stuck with outdated computer equipment eventually. Leasing: Advantages Up-to-date equipment facility: With leasing computer equipment, companies can access newly available computers in a faster and cheaper way. Pay nothing up front: For small businesses, leasing computer equipment will be a good option as leasing computer equipment rarely requires a down payment up front (Bierman, 2008). Predictable monthly expenses: With a lease, companies can pre-determine the monthly expenses on the computer equipment to make the budget. Leasing: Disadvantages Expensive long run payment: In the case of long run utilisation, the leasing amount will become more expensive than buying equipment. Lease terms: There are certain leasing terms to be followed by leasing computer equipment such as make payment within due date, maintenance of technological equipment and much more. Need to pay if company stop using the computer equipment: According to the lease paperwork, companies must make payment for the entire lease duration even if the leasing equipment are no longer required or utilised. Recommendations and conclusion Understanding the purchasing and leasing scenario, in the case of long run tactics, purchasing computer equipment can be the best solution. On the other hand, for small business organisations with tight funding facilities should go for leasing computer equipment to establish the business up front. References Bernstein, A. (2016). Rent, lease or buy? How to finance your new equipment.Nursing and Residential Care, 18(8), pp.440-442. Bierman, H. (2008). Buy versus Lease with an Alternative Minimum Tax.Financial Management, 17(4), p.87. Chang, J., Lee, M. and Wang, T. (2016). Integrating a semantic-based retrieval agent into case-based reasoning systems: A case study of an online bookstore.Computers in Industry, 78, pp.29-42. Gibbins, N., Harris, S. and Shadbolt, N. (2014). Agent-based Semantic Web Services.Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 1(2), pp.141-154. Kommers, P. (2010). Creativity in web-based communities.IJWBC, 6(4), p.410. Nantell, T. (2013). Equivalence of Lease vs. Buy Analyses.Financial Management, 2(3), p.61.

Personal Expressive Essay Topics Tips & Guide

Personal Expressive Essay Topics Tips & Guide Getting the Best Personal Expressive Essay Topics Let's examine some of the advantages of making writing a normal habit. Your life will be harder, at the base of the dominance hierarchies that you'll inevitably inhabit, and you will receive old fast. Today, it's one of the most overlooked ways to cope with the emotional stresses of our lives. The Basics of Personal Expressive Essay Topics You Will be Able to Learn From Beginning Today In addition, it is going to help you to comprehend the central principles of every one of them! Such a degree of engagement was reached to be able to convey a quite straightforward principle. Written communication is an essential portion of Amazon's company culture. Sincerity is the most important, because sincerity is the thing that optimizes getting along with other people. You don't need to be concerned about the grade of the essay as it'll be 100% unique rather than only snatched on the w orld wide web. A great keyboard (for instance, the Microsoft Natural Ergonomic keyboard) is likewise a great investment. Searching for an exceptional organization to do a little bit of custom writing for you. If you're overloaded with the information that you don't understand how to arrange, buy a customized solution from online academic experts! Want to Know More About Personal Expressive Essay Topics? Your opening may be suggested by a number of the comments from your interviews or you may want to describe a situation which causes your question. Sooner or later, you need to have a transcript of questions together with the draft. You should practice the questions a small bit before the interview. If you're recording an interview, be sure to use all the answers since they are, with no changes. Career Services counselors are readily available to aid you with mock interviews. Therefore it is essential to know how to conduct an interview and what questions are crucial for a superior interview essay. The questions shouldn't be biased or inclined to a single aspect. Questions alone won't carry the interview. A Secret Weapon for Personal Expressive Essay Topics Reading example essays works exactly the same way! They may be lightly modified for readability or to protect the anonymity of contributors, but we do not edit essay examples prior to publication. Very good essays don't have bad topics. Essays term papers dissertations and a lot more. A suitable interview essay format a part of the grading rubric, thus don't underestimate its value! This sort of essay represents a gist of a student's individual experience on a specific topic, so it requires thorough preliminary research and analysis. With what has been gathered, someone may then compose a comprehensive essay about the exchange. Now you are aware of how to compose an interview essay of many types. The Dirty Truth on Personal Expressive Essay Topics Also note where a particular dialogue may be added to keep the stream of the paper. If you would like a job, you've got to generate a case for yourself. The interview is done as a way to learn an individual's opinion about a specific issue, event, etc.. Each paper has its precise function. Actually, you've quite a huge number of strategies to complete your interview paper. Be certain the paper makes the point clear and concise so the audience doesn't get rid of focus or miss the major idea. An essay is, thus, a brief piece written by somebody trying to explore a topic or answer a question. Whether you want an essay to put in a university or college or to have a dream job, you mean to utilize expert essay writing services. The very best way you'll be able to help work applicant to get the offer is to earn a career interview essay from the questions-answers style. Picasso's work is broken up into periods. Once the narratives are reviewed and accepted by the procedure proprietor, they ought to be reviewed and approved by a senior manager. The Rise of Personal Expressive Essay Topics Essay writing differs for everybody. An essay is a fairly short bit of writing on a specific topic. Narratives are geared toward telling about yourself. Essay genre has gotten widely utilized in latest decades. Composing an essay on career goals are sometimes a taxing job to handle. From time to time, it appears difficult to earn a story from the interview. Let's look at some narrative essay topics in every single category to assist you tell your very own riveting story!

College Essay Topics For Transfer Students

College Essay Topics For Transfer StudentsThe topic for your college essay should be the one that you feel comfortable and confident with. If you are writing a college essay, then you have to make sure that the theme is what you are looking for. If you want to make sure that the topics are appropriate for college writing, then here are some tips.College essays require writing ability to pull it off. For this reason, a student should write the paper by themselves. This means that they can tackle anything in an easier way. Even if they already know how to write a particular topic, they need to know how to do it on their own as well.What topics for college essays can be addressed if the students are themselves? The first thing to consider is the topic that they like best. After that, there are a lot of topics that can be covered. The reasons why a person has chosen a certain topic should also be considered. For example, if the topic was one that has a good result, then that should be th e one that the student writes.When writing college essays, they should give importance to the topic that will give them the most attention. There are many people who feel that they will get fewer marks if they fail to emphasize the topic and instead highlight other things. When it comes to college-essay topics for transfer students, they should take the time to concentrate on the topic that they prefer.In addition, college essays should not be about a certain topic that has been covered earlier by another student. They should write about topics that have not been tackled before. This will make it easier for them to work on it because they already know the material.If the topic has been tackled previously by other students, it can be recycled for college essays. This does not mean that the new topic should be something that is actually repeated every year. The essay topics for transfer students should still be new and fresh.The theme should also be reflected on the student when writi ng college essays. They should choose a theme that is appropriate for their needs. For example, a student might choose a theme that relates to their own school or a subject that is in common with their classmates. This way, it would make their essay more meaningful.College essay topics for transfer students should be creative and fun. If this is possible, then they can get all the points they need in their essay.

What to Expect From Writing an Superhero Essay Outline?

What to Expect From Writing an Superhero Essay Outline? The Do's and Don'ts of Writing an Superhero Essay Outline You have to think about summarizing the most important idea behind the subject and whatever you'd discussed in the body paragraphs. If you don't need to lose your way, make an outline. The outline is just one of the main measures in every paper type writing process. A well-constructed outline will continue to keep your ideas and ideas organized. In case you have any difficulties with writing your expository essay, we understand how to help you perform nice and impress your intended audience. It will enhance your analytical skills. Your student is certain to enjoy thinking up answers for those. Don't use enormous words solely for the interest of using big words. If you get a hectic schedule and you discover that it's challenging to search for an excellent time to sit down and write about your essay, do not worry because we're here to assist. It is possible to also read your essay to other folks to obtain their feedback. The primary goal of essay writing services is to aid you with issue and support as you write your paper. Introduction page three ought to be banned. In this kind of writing, a thesis statement acts as a guide for the remainder of essay. A student should learn to compose a character analysis essay for few explanations. Things You Should Know About Writing an Superhero Essay Outline Getting able to modify into any element would not just be a cool capability to show off, but nevertheless, it would be exceedingly practical too. Also, such a task can help you to comprehend the full book better. As an example, in a very good vs. evil kind of story, the great forces have experienced setback after setback. Ideally, the very first image is a visual representation of your complete story. The absolute most important thing when you get started making your written assignment is to choose the subject of your interest. Unless you're being able to locate a way out that can be put into place so as to knock out such dilemmas, things would look confusing, thus giving rise to further complications. The point is to continue to keep things s imple yet catchy. Sometimes it will help to take a rest from your work and return in a couple of days. Writing an Superhero Essay Outline Secrets Superheroes are mystified creatures that are made by the cartoonist to widen the imagination of children along with adults that are cartoon enthusiasts. Superhero Substitute The plots of several of our favourite children's books are simple to recall. Our expert writers are able to help you pick a character which you are able to write on. Readers would be attempting to differentiate your superhero from the remainder of the characters the moment they start reading the story. At the same time, it is essential to be certain your readers have understood all the characters involved with the superhero story. The Essentials of Writing an Superhero Essay Outline You Can Benefit From Starting Immediately Whether superhero or the enemy don't have the ability to choose what they wish to be. Batman is a wealthy individual whose secret for a superhero isn't revealed to the general public except for his servant at home inside a huge cave. Spiderman is facing his main enemy. however, it is also his very best friends dad. Some superheroes would in fact have to travel straight into the center of the Viet-Cong for battle. Before selecting the name, make certain that you have identified the type of world that will reflect the superhero. Wonder woman was made by cartoonist to help boost the perception of the society concerning the effect of gender sensitivity. Superman, who's not a human being, reminds us that the world can be better with the assistance of all us.

Essay Tips on Writing a Sample Essay for NCLEX

Essay Tips on Writing a Sample Essay for NCLEXWriting a sample essay for NCLEX is an important part of the process of getting your license. It is very difficult to write a good essay if you have no experience or formal education in the subject. Most applicants do not even know how to do this.For this reason, it is recommended that you pay careful attention to some basic principles before you begin writing your essay. In order to get the most out of the essay, these five points should be attended to by you:o The first principle of sample essays for NCLEX is to discuss the topics you would expect to find in an NCLEX question or answer session. If you are writing an essay to meet the questions given in an NCLEX essay, make sure that your essay addresses what the NCLEX testing center asks for and answers what they do not ask for. Additionally, make sure that your essay does not cover the exact same topics as the questions being asked.o Sample essays for NCLEX are not works of fiction. Wh at you should never do is try to use you personal experiences or observations to teach or persuade the reader. You should make sure that you study the meaning of the questions and make a balanced argument using evidence, examples, and real life scenarios. A proper example would show that your idea or perspective is valid.o Make sure that your essay does not focus on your own experiences and observations and tell rather about real life situations. If you do this, you will only confuse the reader instead of making them understand and learn more about the subject of your essay.o Finally, make sure that your essay is composed correctly. When you write for an exam, the results of the essay will reflect the quality of your writing. Always include the correct spellings, punctuation, and grammar, but make sure that all the correct information is used so that the essay does not appear as an amateur attempt at giving answers to NCLEX test questions.With the above mentioned rules in mind, you should now know how to write sample essays for NCLEX. Remember that while it is possible to give a highly researched and impressive essay, the essay may look amateur if it is not well-written. Therefore, make sure that you take care in choosing your essay topic and do not try to present information that is already familiar to the reader.

The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Essay Research Paper Example For Students

The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Essay Research Paper Biology GeneticsThe Cystic Fibrosis GeneIntroduction:Cystic fibrosis is an inherited autosomal recessive disease that exerts its main effects on the digestive system and the lungs. This disease is the most common genetic disorder amongst Caucasians. Cystic fibrosis affects about one in 2,500 people, with one in twenty five being a heterozygote. With the use of antibiotics, the life span of a person afflicted with CF can be extended up to thirty years however, most die before the age of thirteen.1 Since so many people are affected by this disease, its no wonder that CF was the first human genetic disease to be cloned by geneticists. In this paper, I will be focusing on how the cystic fibrosis gene was discovered while at the same time, discussing the protein defect in the CF gene, the bio-chemical defect associated with CF, and possible treatments of the disease. Finding the Cystic Fibrosis Gene:The classical genetic approach to finding the gene that is responsible for causing a gene tic disease has been to first characterize the bio-chemical defect within the gene, then to identify the mutated protein in the gene of interest, and finally to locate the actual gene. However, this classical approach proved to be impractical when searching for the CF gene. To find the gene responsible for CF, the principle of reverse genetics was applied. Scientists accomplished this by linking the disease to a specific chromosome. After this linkage, they isolated the gene of interest on the chromosome and then tested its product.2Before the disease could be linked to a specific chromosome, a marker needed to be found that would always travel with the disease. This marker is known as a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP for short. RFLPs are varying base sequences of DNA in different individuals which are known to travel with genetic disorders.3 The RFLP for cystic fibrosis was discovered through the techniques of Somatic Cell Hybridization and through Southern Blot E lectrophoresis (gel separation of DNA). By using these techniques, three RFLPs were discovered for CF; Doc RI, J3.11, and Met. Utilizing in situ hybridization, scientists discovered the CF gene to be located on the long arm of chromosome number seven. Soon after identifying these markers, another marker was discovered that segregated more frequently with CF than the other markers. This meant the new marker was closer to the CF gene. At this time, two scientists named Lap-Chu Tsui and Francis Collins were able to isolate probes from the CF interval. They were now able to utilize to powerful technique of chromosome jumping to speed up the time required to isolate the CF gene much faster than if they were to use conventional genetic techniques.3In order to determine the exact location of the CF gene, probes were taken from the nucleotide sequence obtained from chromosome jumping. To get these probes, DNA from a horse, a cow, a chicken, and a mouse were separated using Southern Blot ele ctrophoresis. Four probes were found to bind to all of the vertebrates DNA. This meant that the base pairs within the probes discovered contained important information, possibly even the gene. Two of the four probes were ruled out as possibilities because they did not contain open reading frames which are segments of DNA that produce the mRNA responsible for genes. We will write a custom essay on The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Northern Blot electrophoresis technique was then used to distinguish between the two probes still remaining in order to find out which one actually contained the CF gene. This could be accomplished because Northern Blot electrophoresis utilizes RNA instead of DNA. The RNA of cell types affected with CF, along with the RNA of unaffected cell types were placed on a gel. Probe number two bound to the RNA of affected cell types in the pancreas, colon, and nose, but did not bind to the RNA from non-affected cell types like those of the brain and heart. Probe number one did not bind exclusively to cell types from CF affected areas like probe number two did. From this evidence, it was determined that probe number two contained the CF gene. While isolating the CF gene and screening the genetic library made from mRNA (cDNA library), it was discovered that probe number two did not hybridize. The chances for hybridization may have been decreased because of the low levels of the CF gene present within the probe. Hybridization chances could also have been decreased because the cDNA used was not made from the correct cell type affected with CF. The solution to this lack of hybridization was to produce a cDNA library made exclusively from CF affected cells. This new library was isolated from cells in sweat glands. By using this new cDNA library, probe number two was found to hybridize excessively. It was theorized that this success was due to the large amount of the CF gene present in the sweat glands, or the gene itself could have been involved in a large protein family. Nevertheless, the binding of the probe proved the CF gene was present in the specific sequence of nucleotide bases being analyzed. The isolated gene was prov en to be responsible for causing CF by comparing its base pair sequence to the base pair sequence of the same sequence in a non-affected cell. The entire CF cDNA sequence is approximately 6,000 nucleotides long. In those 6,000 n.t.s, three base pairs were found to be missing in affected cells, all three were in exon #10. This deletion results in the loss of a phenylalanine residue and it accounts for seventy percent of the CF mutations. In addition to this three base pair deletion pattern, up to 200 different mutations have been discovered in the gene accounting for CF, all to varying degrees. .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8 , .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8 .postImageUrl , .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8 , .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8:hover , .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8:visited , .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8:active { border:0!important; } .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8:active , .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8 .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1823037627aaf4a6b97439643b1547a8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Antigone's Tragic Hero EssayThe Protein Defect:The Cystic Fibrosis gene is located at 7q31-32 on chromosome number seven and spans about 280 kilo base pairs of genomic DNA. It contains twenty four exons.4 This gene codes for a protein involved in trans-membrane ion transport called the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator or CFTR. The 1,480 amino acid protein structure of CFTR closely resembles the protein structure of the ABC-transporter super family. It is made up of similar halves, each containing a nucleotide-binding fold (NBF), or an ATP-binding complex, and a membrane spanning domain (MSD). The MSD makes up the transmembrane Cl- channels. There is also a Regulatory Domain (R-Domain) that is located mid-protein which separates both halves of the channels. The R-Domain is unique to CFTR and is not found in any other ABC-transporter. It contains multiple predicted binding sites for protein kinase A and protein Kinase C.4 Mutations in the first MDS are mainly found in exon #4 and exon #7. These types of mutations have been predicted to alter the selectivity of the chloride ion channels.4 Mutations that are in the first NBF are predominant in CFTR. As previously mentioned, 70 percent of the mutations arising in CF cases are deletions of three base pairs in exon #10. These three base pairs give rise to phenylalanine and a mutation at this site is referred to as DF508.5 Such a mutation appears not to interfere with R-Domain phosphorylation and has even been reported to transport chloride ions.6;7 There are five other frequent mutations that occur in the first NBF. The first is a deletion of an isoleucine residue, DF507. The second is a substitution of glycine or amino acid #551 by aspartic acid/F551D. The third involves stop mutations at arginine #553 and glycine #542. The fourth is substitutions of serine #549 by various other residues. The fifth is a predicted splicing mutation at the start of exon #11.7Mutations within the R-Domain are extremely rare. The only reason they do occur is because of frameshifts. Frameshifts are mutations occurring due to the starting of the reading frame one or two nucleotides later than in the normal gene translation.4Mutations in the second membrane spanning domain of the CFTR are also very rare and have only been detected in exon #17b. These have no relevance to mutations occurring in the first membrane spanning domain. They apparently do not have a significant impact on the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator either.4Mutations in the second nucleotide-binding fold occur frequently in exon #19 and exon #20 by the deletion of a stop signal at amino acid number 1282 . Exon #21 is sometimes mutated by the substitution of asparagine #1303 with lysine #N1303K.4The Bio-Chemical Defect:Studies of the chloride channels on epithelial cells lining the lungs, sweat glands, and pancreas have shown a consensus in that the activation of chloride secretion in response to cAMP (adenosine 3, 5-monophosphate) is impaired in cystic fibrosis cases. Another affected, independently regulated chloride channel that has been discovered is activated by calcium-dependent protein kinases. Sodium ions have also been noted to be increasingly absorbed by apical sodium channels.8 Therefore, the lack of regulated chloride ion transport across the apical membranes and apical absorption of sodium ions, impedes the extracellular presence of water. Water will diffuse osmotically into cells and will thus cause the dehydration of the sol (5- mm fluid layer of the cell membrane) and the gel (blanket of mucus) produced by epithelial cells.9 As a result of this diffusion of water, ai rways become blocked and pancreatic proteins turn inactive. An Account of the Absorption and Secretion of Cl-, Na+, and Proteins:An inward, electrochemical Na+ gradient is generated by the Na+, K+-ATPase pump located in the basolateral membrane (the cell side facing the organ it is lining). A basolateral co-transporter then uses the Na+ gradient to transport Cl- into the cell against its own gradient. This is done in such a way that when the apical Cl- channels within the membrane spanning domain open, Cl- diffuse passively with their gradient through the cell membrane.4In pancreatic duct cells, a Na+, H+-ATPase pump is used and a bicarbonate secretion is exchanged for Cl- uptake in the apical membrane. Chloride ions then diffuse passively when the Cl- channels are opened. Such secretions also allow for the exocytosis of proteins in the pancreas which will later be taken into the small intestines for the breaking down of carbohydrates.4In addition to the pump-driven gradients and se cretions, there exists autonomic neurotransmitter secretions from epithelial cells and exocrine glands. Fluid secretion, including Cl-, is stimulated predominately by cholinergic, a-adrenergic mechanisms, and the b-adrenergic actions.4 Such chemical messengers cannot enter the cell, they can only bind to specific receptors on the cell surface and transmit messages to and through an intracellular messenger such as Ca2+ and cAMP by increasing their concentration. The intracellular message is transmitted across the cell by either diffusion or by a direct cascade. One example of a directed cascade is the following:Possible Treatments For Cystic Fibrosis:One suggested treatment for CF has been to provide the missing chemicals to the epithelial cells. This can be accomplished by the addition of adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP) or the addition of the nucleotide triphosphates ATP or UTP to cultures of nasal and tracheal epithelia. This has been proven to alter the rate of Cl- secretion by removing the 5-mmeter sol layer of fluid in the respiratory tract.9 Moreover, luminal application of the compound amiloride, which inhibits active Na+ absorption by blocking Na+ conductance in the apical membrane, reduced cell secretion and absorption to a steady state value. .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1 , .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1 .postImageUrl , .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1 , .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1:hover , .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1:visited , .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1:active { border:0!important; } .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1:active , .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1 .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue477b9065a31edcfbcdffa14f55689e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: U.S Human Rights Intervention EssayAnother treatment that has been suggested is to squirt solutions of genetically engineered cold viruses in an aerosol form into the nasal passages and into the lungs of people infected with CF. This is done in hopes that the virus will transport corrected copies of the mutated gene into the affected persons airways so it can replace the mutated nucleotides.10 This form of treatment is known as gene therapy. A different approach taken in an attempt to cure cystic fibrosis involves correcting the disease while the affected person is still an embryo. Test tube fertilization (in vitro fertilization) and diagnosis of F508 during embryonic development can be accomplished through a biopsy of a cleavage-stage embryo, and amplification of DNA from single embryonic cells.5 After this treatment, only unaffected embryos would be selected for implantation into the uterus. Affected embryos would be discarded. Conclusion:Chloride conductance channels have dramatic potentials. One channel can conduct from 1106 to 1108 ions per second.8 This is particularly impressive when you consider the fact that there are not many channels present on cells to perform the required tasks. As a result of this, a mutation of one channel or even a partial mutation of a channel, that causes a decrease in the percentage of channel openings, can exert a major effect. Even the mildest of cures altering the Cystic Fibrosis Conductance Regulator in CF afflicted people would lead to significant improvements in that individuals health. Since cystic fibrosis is the most common genetic disorder, particularly amongst Caucasians, in todays society, intense research efforts towards its cure would be invaluable. When will cystic fibrosis be completely cured? No one can say for sure but, strong steps have already been taken towards reaching this goal.

Phonology - Definition and Observations

Phonology - Definition and Observations Phonology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of speech sounds with reference to their distribution and patterning. Adjective: phonological. A linguist who specializes in phonology is known as a phonologist. In Fundamental Concepts in Phonology (2009), Ken Lodge observes that phonology is about differences of meaning signaled by sound. As discussed below, the boundaries between the fields of phonology and phonetics are not always sharply defined. Etymology: From the Greek, sound, voice Observations on Phonology One way to understand the subject matter of phonology is to contrast it with other fields within linguistics. A very brief explanation is that phonology is the study of sound structures in language, which is different from the study of sentence structures (syntax), word structures (morphology), or how languages change over time (historical linguistics). But this is insufficient. An important feature of the structure of a sentence is how it is pronouncedits sound structure. The pronunciation of a given word is also a fundamental part of the structure of a word. And certainly the principles of pronunciation in a language are subject to change over time. So phonology has a relation to numerous domains of linguistics.(David Odden, Introducing Phonology, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2013)The Aim of PhonologyThe aim of phonology is to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages and to explain the variations that occur. We begin by analyzing an indiv idual language to determine which sound units are used and which patterns they formthe languages sound system. We then compare the properties of different sound systems, and work out hypotheses about the rules underlying the use of sounds in particular groups of languages. Ultimately, phonologists want to make statements that apply to all languages. . . .Whereas phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds, phonology studies the way in which a languages speakers systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning. There is a further way of drawing the distinction. No two speakers have anatomically identical vocal tracts, and thus no one produces sounds in exactly the same way as anyone else. . . . Yet when using our language we are able to discount much of this variation, and focus on only those sounds, or properties of sound, that are important for the communication of meaning. We think of our fellow speakers as using the same sounds, even though acoustically they are not. Phonology is the study of how we find order within the apparent chaos of speech sounds.(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook Press, 2005)- When we talk about the sound system of English, we are referring to the number of phonemes which are used in a language and to how they are organized.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encylopedia of the English Language, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, 2003)Phoneme Systems[P]honology is not only about phonemes and allophones. Phonology also concerns itself with the principles governing the phoneme systemsthat is, with what sounds languages like to have, which sets of sounds are most common (and why) and which are rare (and also why). It turns out that there are prototype-based explanations for why the phoneme system of the languages of the world have the sounds that they do, with physiological/acoustic/perceptual explanations for the preference for some sounds over others.(Geoffrey S. Nathan, Phonology: A Cognitive Grammar Introduction. John Benjamins, 2008) The Phonetics-Phonology InterfacePhonetics interfaces with phonology in three ways. First, phonetics defines distinctive features. Second, phonetics explains many phonological patterns. These two interfaces constitute what has come to be called the substantive grounding of phonology (Archangeli Pulleyblank, 1994). Finally, phonetics implements phonological representations.The number and depth of these interfaces is so great that one is naturally moved to ask how autonomous phonetics and phonology are from one another and whether one can be largely reduced to the other. The answers to these questions in the current literature could not differ more. At one extreme, Ohala (1990b) argues that there is in fact no interface between phonetics and phonology because the latter can largely if not completely be reduced to the former. At the opposite extreme, Hale Reiss (2000b) argue for excluding phonetics entirely from phonology because the latter is about computation, while the former is ab out something else. Between these extremes is a large variety of other answers to these questions . . ..(John Kingston, The Phonetics-Phonology Interface. The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology, ed. by Paul de Lacy. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Phonemics and PhonologyPhonemics is the study of phonemes in their various aspects, i.e. their establishment, description, occurrence, arrangement, etc. Phonemes fall under two categories, segmental or linear phonemes and suprasegmental or non-linear phonemes  . . .. The term phonemics, with the above-mentioned sense attached to it,  was widely used in the heyday of post-Bloomfieldian linguistics in America, in particular from the 1930s to the 1950s, and continues to be used by present-day post-Bloomfieldians. Note in this connection that Leonard Bloomsfield (1887-1949) used the term phonology, not phonemics, and talked about primary phonemes and secondary phonemes while using the adjectival form phonemic elsewhere. The term phonology, not phonemics, is generally used by contemporary linguists of other schools.(Tsutomu Akamatsu, Phonology. The  Linguistics Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., edited by  Kirsten Malmkjaer. Routledge, 2004)​ Pronunciation: fah-NOL-ah-gee